賴正義

2012年5月28日 星期一

探討以二氧化碳做為工作流體的地熱增進系統


發表於台電工程月刊,第715期,民國973


探討以二氧化碳做為工作流體的地熱增進系統
A Study on the Enhanced Geothermal Systems Using CO2 as Working Fluid
賴正義*
Lai, Cheng-I
摘 要
地球蘊藏著豐富的地熱資源,但是目前此種資源的開採僅在於一些特定的熱液系統,事實上,大多數的地熱資源是存在於缺乏破裂滲透性及流體循環的熱乾岩中,地熱增進系統的目的即在於從這些資源抽取地熱能。早期發展地熱增進系統係以水做為工作流體,不過,水雖具有許多符合地熱增進系統目的的特性,但是也會產生一些嚴重的缺失。目前國際上已有利用二氧化碳來增進石油、煤床甲烷開採之應用實例,即石油增進回收法與煤床甲烷增進回收法近年來亦有研究者嚐試將此技術推廣至地熱增進系統。基於此,本文首先介紹熱乾岩地熱特性及其開發與利用現況,其次說明國際上應用二氧化碳於增進石油、煤床甲烷等能源開發之現況與效益,最後綜整國際上以二氧化碳做為工作流體的地熱增進系統之研發成果。結果顯示,二氧化碳應用於地熱增進系統時,不僅能開發熱乾岩地熱而增加能源效益,且能提供二氧化碳地質封存而降低溫室效應,甚至有避免水資源浪費的衍生效益。考量台灣具有良好熱乾岩地熱發展潛能,本文建議我國未來宜加強此相關技術之研發。

Abstract
There are huge amounts of geothermal resources in the earth. However, such resources have been tapped currently limited to some specific hydrothermal systems. In fact, most geothermal resources are reserved in the hot dry rocks which lack fracture permeability and fluid circulation. The purpose of enhanced geothermal systems, therefore, is to extract geothermal energy from these resources. In the early periods, water was employed as working fluid for enhanced geothermal systems. Although water possessed a lot of characteristics meeting the purpose of enhanced geothermal systems, it also had some detrimental effects. Currently, the application cases of carbon dioxide on the exploitation of oil and coalbed methane can be found in the world, that is, enhanced oil recovery and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. Recently, a few researches have tried to apply such technologies to enhanced geothermal systems. As a result, the paper first introduces the characteristics and the status quo of development along with utilization with regard to hot dry rocks. And then it addresses the status quo and benefits for applying carbon dioxide to the enhanced recovery of oil and coal-bed methane. Finally the research results in terms of enhanced geothermal systems running carbon dioxide are synthesized. The research results show that applying carbon dioxide to enhanced geothermal systems can mine hot dry rocks resources to advance energy benefits. In addition, it would achieve geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse effect. Moreover, it is an ancillary benefit to save the consumption of water resource. Taking into account the promising potential of hot dry rock in Taiwan, it is suggested that we should reinforce the research and development on such technologies in the future.

國際海洋溫差發電發展之探討


發表於台電工程月刊,第744期,民國998


國際海洋溫差發電發展之探討
Study on the Global Development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
賴正義*
黃兆龍*
Lai, Cheng-I
Hwang, Chao-Lung

摘 要
海洋是地球上最大的太陽能收集與儲存系統,潛藏著巨量的能源,如能善加開發利用,將可以源源不絕地提供全球所需的能源。本文主要目的在於深入瞭解國際歷年來海洋溫差發電的發展成果,期能做為我國未來規劃海洋溫差發電發展的參考。本文首先分析海洋溫差發電的發展沿革,發展期間分為1970年之前、19711980年、1981年至1990年,以及1991年之後等四個階段,其次探討海洋溫差發電的發展成果,內容包括電廠型式、循環系統、熱力系統與冷水管。本文結論為海洋溫差發電可提供可靠與親環境的再生能源與飲用水,面對傳統能源與資源勢必日益匱乏與價格日益高漲的未來,實值得全球產官學研界共同攜手進行進一步的研發,儘速達成大規模經濟商轉的目標。

Abstract
Ocean, the globally largest collection and storage system of solar energy, has so enormous energy reserve that can sustainably provide earth energy in case of tapping it adequately. The purpose of this paper is to understand in detail the global development achievements in terms of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) over the past years and then to be a viable reference for the future planning of OTEC development in Taiwan. The paper first analyzes the evolution of OTEC development and the evolution process is classified into four stages, including prior to 1970, 1971 to 1980, 1981 to 1990, and posterior to 1991. Then, the relevant development achievements with respect to power plant type, circulation system, thermodynamic system and cold water pipeline are discussed. The summary of this paper is OTEC can offer both renewable energy and potable water with good reliability and environmental friendliness. Facing the decreasing supply and increasing price of traditional energy as well as resource in the coming days, it is worthy to further conduct collaborative R&D on OTEC by the fields of industry, government, academy and research worldwide, carrying out the goal of economically commercializing large-scale power plants as soon as possible.


高飛灰量混凝土之製作與性質

發表於台電工程月刊,第737期,民國991


高飛灰量混凝土之製作與性質
The Fabrication and Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete
黃兆龍*
賴正義*
謝素蘭**
Hwang, Chao- Lung
Lai, Cheng-I
Hsieh, Su-Lan

摘 要
近年來台電公司所產飛灰的利用率逐年下降,造成飛灰有用資源的浪費,影響台電燃煤電廠灰塘的使用年限,也衝擊未來新電廠的興建與既有電廠的運作。對於飛灰取代水泥比率超過50%之高飛灰量混凝土,國外已有多年的研究成果,若能引進其產製技術,並加以推廣,國內飛灰的需求量將會大幅增加。本文概述高飛灰量混凝土製作時的考量因素,如需水量、配比、澆置、養護等,並介紹坍度、含氣量、泌水、密度、凝結、乾縮、溫度裂縫等新拌混凝土性質,抗壓強度、撓曲強度、彈性模數、水密性、潛變等硬固混凝土性質,以及氯離子滲透、鹼矽反應、硫酸鹽、磨擦、中性化、凍融、除冰鹽剝落、疲勞等耐久性,期能做為我國推動高飛灰量混凝土時之參考。

Abstract
Recently, the utilization percentage of fly ash produced by Taiwan Power Company has been decreasing annually. It may not only cause the waste of fly ash as a valuable resource, but also severely impact the service life of ash pond and even the construction of new power plants as well as the operation of existing ones of Taiwan Power Company. As to high volume fly ash concretes which have more than 50% cement substituted by fly ash, substantial research outcomes can be found in many foreign countries. Provided the fabrication techniques are introduced to Taiwan, the domestic need of fly ash will increase significantly. In the paper a few factors, such as water requirement, mix proportion, casting and curing, considered in the process of fabrication are briefly explained. Then the properties of fresh concrete including slump, air content, bleeding, density, setting, drying shrinkage as well as thermal cracking, and the properties of hardened concrete containing compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water tightness as well as creep are introduced. Also, some durability characteristics in terms of chloride ion penetration, alkali-silica reaction, sulfate attack, abrasion, carbonation, freezing and thawing, de-icing salt along with fatigue are presented. It is expected such a paper can be a viable reference for promotion of high volume fly ash concretes in Taiwan.


亞煙燃煤飛灰應用於普通混凝土之性質研究


發表於台電工程月刊,第738期,民國992


亞煙燃煤飛灰應用於普通混凝土之性質研究
A Study on the Properties of Normal Concrete Containing Sub-bituminous Coal Fly Ash
黃兆龍*
江奇成**
林峰立**
賴正義*
Hwang, Chao-Lung
Chiang, Chu-Chan
Lin, Feng-li
Lai, Cheng-I
郭麗雯***
許讚全***
邱善得***
Quo, Lih-Wen
Hsu, Zan-Cyuan
Chyou, San-Der
97~98年度研究計畫論文

摘 要
本文採用美國混凝土協會規範之配比設計方法,以亞煙燃煤飛灰(C類飛灰)取代部分水泥,探討不同水膠比與飛灰取代量對混凝土新拌、硬固及微觀等性質的影響。研究結果顯示,摻用C 類飛灰可增加混凝土的流動性,改善工作性,但會產生緩凝的現象,抗壓強度在齡期91 天時略高於未摻用飛灰之混凝土,另由表面電阻、氯離子電滲與裂縫敏感度等試驗結果可知,摻用C類飛灰有助於混凝土內部孔隙的填塞,提升抗滲透以及減少混凝土表面裂縫的產生。但是,摻用過量的C類飛灰可能導致部分性質產生折損的現象,須視工程的性能需求,並經嚴密計算後再加以應用,才能發揮C類飛灰的效益。本研究建議C類飛灰取代水泥量不宜超過30%,避免影響混凝土初期的各項性能。

Abstract
In this paper the mixture design algorithm regulated by American Concrete Institute is adopted and sub-bituminous coal fly ash (Class C fly ash) is used to substitute part of cement. The effects of various water-to-binder ratio and substitution percentage of cement by fly ash on the properties of fresh as well as hardened concrete and the micro structure of fly ash along with concrete are studied. The test results indicate that the application of Class C fly ash into concrete can improve flowability and workability but result in longer setting time. The compressive strength of age 91 days is slightly higher than the concrete without fly ash. According to the test results of surface electrical resistance, chloride ion penetration current and crack sensibility, in addition, the utilization of Class C fly ash in concrete can block the pores inside concrete, enhance the resistance to penetration, and mitigate the occurrence of surface cracks. However, exceeding amount of Class C fly ash in concrete may be detrimental to a few performances of concrete and its usage has to be evaluated carefully to bring in full effects based on the requirements of construction. It is suggested that no more than 30% cement is substituted by Class C fly ash to maintain the concrete performances at the early age.




2012年5月26日 星期六

政治弱勢者 媒體遺棄兒

 88年12月1日  中國時報

政治弱勢者 媒體遺棄兒
應給予同等機會與權利  讓具體改革方案取代泛濫口水
賴正義/板橋(美國邁阿密大學土木博士,第十任總統選舉被連署人、哲學家出版社社長)
從十一月二十日筆者完成申請為總統被連署人迄今,許多熟識的朋友最常問起的問題是: 「怎麼從未看到你們這組被連署人上過媒體?」筆者也滿納悶,連公車乘客與司機為了芝麻小事鬧到警察局都可成為電視新聞話題,為何有滿腹治國理念的總統、副總統被連署人,只能「十年寒窗」(沒人問)?這不知是總統、副總統被連署人的悲哀?抑是全台灣人的悲哀?
或許是筆者身為當事人,才會特別覺得總統選舉是件大事,對於社會大眾而言,也許寫真、八卦等消息才是他們關心的焦點,也成了無線電視新聞報導的重點。因此,在這次總統選舉的暖身賽中,包括連戰、宋鐘瑜、陳水扁、許信良等人,都曾不只一次向幾家大型媒體抱怨「報導太少」。
相對於上述數位總統準候選人,其餘四組已申請為總統、副總統被連署人者,更是媒體的棄嬰。除了建國黨推出的被連署人還能偶爾擠上平面媒體外,沒有政黨奧援的被連署人,其境況豈是「悽悽慘慘」四個字所能形容的。筆者不平的是,這群被媒體刻意遺忘的政治弱勢者,難道真的不值得報導嗎?
何謂「政治」?如果社會大眾把政治定義為「高明的騙術」時,這群不懂騙術,沒有口水的政治圈外人,當然就欠缺讓媒體炒作的題材;反之,如果將政治解釋成「服務眾人之事」時,他們的政治理念保證有值得媒體探究之處。因為、這群來自民間基層的有心之士,才能跳脫出那些號稱為專業政治人的框框,才能構建出符合「民」之所欲的改革方索。
濟弱扶傾是孫中山先生百年前追求的理想,保護弱勢則是現代人廣為接納的觀念。當前社會處處可見關懷弱勢的呼籲與行動,今日的傳播媒體是否也能順此潮流,讓這群政治弱勢者也能享有基本的機會與權利,表達其理念,讓他們清新的聲音替代那些無謂的語言暴力,讓他們具體可行的改革方案替代那些一時興起的選舉口號。
十一月中旬,陳水扁先生曾說:「台灣的危機在媒體的報導不公」。不過,筆者也認為,台灣的轉機就寄望在媒體上,衷心期待社會大眾有機會能見到這群政治新人類,聽到他們的政治新用語。


總統職位空窗期 應速謀補救

88年11月26日  中國時報
賴正義/北縣板橋(第十任總統被連署人、哲學家出版社社長)
    隨著第十屆總統、副總統選期的日益迫近,三組有望奪得寶座的參選人已偷跑展開各項準選舉活動,國人的焦點也多落在他們的口水戰上,鮮少關注到影響總統、副總統選舉至巨的遊戲規則上。筆者因已申請為本屆總統被連署人,實際了解到現行總統、副總統選罷法有不少待斟酌之處,茲學數例,誠心希望有關單位能正視。
    憲法第四十九條規定,總統缺位時,由副總統繼位。筆者認為此規定有可能背離多數選民的抉擇,因為,在總統、副總統選舉期間,選民大多以總統列為首要投票考量,所以,一旦總統缺位,應該讓選民有重新選擇另一理想人選的機會,才比較符合總統直選的精神。
  基於上述原因,筆者與另一選舉夥伴有一共識,即本組候選人若能贏得總統選舉,將來面臨總統缺位,他願意辭去副總統之職,讓選民補選出新的總統。或許是我們的想法比較另類,做法比較特別,不過,此事若當真發生,咱們國家將面對一嚴重的危機。
  根據憲法增修條文第二條的規定,總統、副總統均缺位時,由行政院院長代行其職權,並依規定補選。由本屆的選舉可知,從申請為被連署人到完成選舉,必須歷時四個月才能產生出新任總統與副總統。但是﹒憲法第五十一條卻規定,行政院院長代行職權期限不得逾三個月,顯然,國家至少會有一個月的「總統、副總統」空窗期,而危及到國家的運作,因為,沒有三軍統帥,將如何因應外敵的挑釁?
    此外,依連署方式參加總統、副總統選舉者,若已通過連署門檻且取得完成連署證明書,但在向中選會申請登記為總統、副總統候選人前,該組總統或副總統被連署人之一發生不幸,該組是否會喪失申請登記的資格?現行的總統、副總統選舉罷免法並未明確規定。此缺失有可能讓超人氣的總統被連署人,在獲得幾百萬張連署票後,卻因副手的不幸,而無法參加總統選學,除了枉費當事人在連署期間的苦心付出外,也辜負幾百萬連署人的期待。

隨身碼命運 公營事業宿命

 88年11月4日 中國時報

賴正義/出版社社長(北縣板橋)

在中華電信工會的抗議聲中,交通部依然宣布,自本月七日起,九九隨身碼改採兩段式收費。中華電信推出隨身碼服務,原採簡單易行的單一費率,且其費率遠低於目前行動電話費率。因此不到兩個月就吸引了七萬多名用戶。但在民營行動軍業者的強烈反彈下,公平交易委員會與交通部相繼出面,為「民」謀福利,強迫中華電信提出複雜的新費率方案。
政府目前正積極推動公營事業民營、自由化,就是要打破壟斷,產生競爭,以造福廣大的民眾。不過,從本案的發展來看,為了少數民營電信業者的利益,而懺牲廣大民眾的福祉,顯然背離了民營化、自由化的目的。
筆者曾在公營事業服務十五年,對此有相當感觸。每當民營企業推出較優渥的服務方案,不僅民眾,連政府主管機關都會極力讚美,並藉機嚴厲批評公營事業故步自封、績效不彰、競惑力不足。然而,一旦公營事業提出更優渥的服務時,卻常常被同業冠上「與民爭利」的罪名,面對民營企業絕佳的政商資源,最終只好黯然收場。政府這種矛盾的立場,公營事業如何能成功地民營化?