High Performance Concrete Using Coal-fired Bottom Ash to Substitute Fine Aggregate

燃煤底灰取代細粒料應用於混凝土之研究

台灣混凝土學會 2009 年混凝土工程研討會
TCI 2009 Concrete Technology Conference
Paper No. B-01

燃煤底灰取代細粒料應用於混凝土之研究
A Study on the Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Coal-fired Bottom Ash in Concrete

洪盟峰1 賴正義2 許讚全3 郭麗雯3 黃兆龍4 黃振億5
1德霖技術學院營建科技系 副教授
2國立台灣科技大學營建工程系 博士後研究
3台灣電力公司綜合研究所資深研究員
4國立台灣科技大學營建工程系 教授
5國立台灣科技大學營建工程系 碩士

摘要

本文針對台電公司興達火力電廠燃煤底灰取代細粒料研究，採用緻密配比設計法進行底灰混凝土製作，研究結果顯示，（1）在工作性的表現上均能達到230±20mm、坍流度500±100mm（2）在安全性方面，抗壓強度達到4000 psi至10000 psi（3）在耐久性表現上，120天齡期下高性能底灰混凝土電阻值可以達20至50kΩ-cm，具有不錯的防蝕性。（4）底灰取代用量建議為10%~15%、建議漿量厚度10μm ~20μm。

關鍵字: 底灰，細粒料，混凝土

Abstract

The propose of this study is the feasibility study of using recycle bottom ash from Sin-Ta thermal power plant of Tai-Power CO. to be fine aggregate of concrete. Some significant conclusions are listed as follows：（1）The slump can arrive 230±20mm，slump flow can arrive 500±100mm.（2）The design strength can to be chosen from 4000 to 10000 psi（3）The electrical resistance of high performance bottom ash concrete could achieve 20 to 50 kΩ-cm at the age of 120 days.（4）The suggestion of using bottom ash is 10 to 15 weight percentage to sand , with coating thickness from 10 to 20μm。

Keywords: bottom ash, fine aggregate, concrete

利用全煤灰CLSM 作為隔堤材料之工程性質探討

台灣混凝土學會2011 年混凝土工程研討會
TCI 2011 Conference on Concrete Engineering
Paper No. A-001



利用全煤灰CLSM 作為隔堤材料之工程性質探討
A Study on the Engineering Properties of CLSM Inner Embankment Made
of Pure Coal-fired Ash

郭麗雯1 林茂容2 賴正義3 顏源毅4 楊孟北4 黃兆龍5
1 台灣電力公司綜合研究所資深研究專員
2 台灣電力公司核火工處土木組廠構課長
3 台灣科技大學專案副教授專家
4 台灣科技大學營建系研究助理
5 台灣科技大學營建系教授

摘要

台電公司規劃以全燃煤電廠煤灰製作之控制性低強度材料取代傳統使用之海砂，做

為灰塘隔堤的工程材料，以開發煤灰新的利用途徑、提升隔堤的工程品質以及降低其工

程成本。本文旨在探討於淺層海水環境中以全煤灰控制性低強度材料做為隔堤的配比設

計及其基本工程性質。

配比試作之結果顯示，對於 28 天抗壓強度而言，使用海水拌合之全煤灰CLSM 試

體約比使用淡水拌合者提高30%，使用輕質底灰者約為使用重質底灰者之50%，爐石取

代50%水泥時約折減20%，且偏飛灰配比高於偏底灰配比。本試驗所選取之C8540 及

C10562 兩組配比，當管流度為150±5mm 時，其28 天之抗壓強度分別為36.8 kgf/cm2

及37.1 kgf/cm2，約於40 天齡期時高過40 kgf/cm2，28 天之劈裂強度為4.32 kgf/cm2 及

4.14 kgf/cm2。

關鍵字: 煤灰，控制性低強度材料，隔堤材料

Abstract

To develop a new utilization approach, improve construction quality and lower
construction cost, Taiwan Power Company intends to use controlled low strength material
(CLSM) made of pure coal-fired ash to substitute the traditional sea sand material in the
construction of inner embankment at ash pond.
The test results show that, in light of 28-day compressive strength, using seawater as
mixing water is about 30% higher than using tap water, light-weight bottom ash is around
50% lower than heavy-weight one, cement substituted by 50% slag causes 20% reduction,
and the mixture with high fly ash/bottom ash ratio is superior to that with low ratio. For a
given flow consistency of 150±5mm, the two selected mixtures of C8540 and C10562
respectively have 36.8 kgf/cm2 and 37.1 kgf/cm2 for 28-day compressive strength and 4.32
kgf/cm2 and 4.14 kgf/cm2 for 28-day splitting strength. Their compressive strength can reach
40 kgf/cm2 at 40-day age.




Keywords: Coal-fired ash, CLSM, Embankment

從高雄氣暴事故看核四

7月31日高雄不幸發生多次的氣暴，受損街道長達6公里，除造成三百多人死傷外，財物亦損失慘重，高雄市政府初估超過數十億元，復建工作至少需半年時間。此事不免讓人聯想到國內爭議多時的核四案，由於核能電廠生命週期中對工程、能源、經濟、健康、環境、社會等多元面向均會產生衝擊，因此從不同的面向切入時，核電該不該發展自然是見仁見智的紛歧之爭。筆者認為，對於亟欲脫貧的未開發國家而言，經濟發展當然是首要考量，對於已屬小康的開發中國家，環境保護則可能會成優先考量，至於注重永續發展的已開發國家，社會安全則會成為主要考量。

二次大戰後臺灣民生凋敝，百廢待舉，為了溫飽、為了建設，國人曾積極投入經濟發展，創造出經濟奇蹟、臺灣錢淹腳目等傲人成就。但是，長期高度經濟發展所衍生的諸多問題，促使近年來許多國人對於國家未來發展的觀念，已從經濟掛帥、環保優先而逐漸轉變成安全第一。遺憾的是，執政者似乎未能體察民意所趨，多數政策的擬訂仍具有重經濟、輕環保、無國安的思維，因此近年來在推動重大投資案或與他國簽訂協定時，明顯與民意背道而馳，故難以順利推動。可喜的是，對於核電發展一事，隨著越來越多的公民投身於多元的運動後，「沒有核安，就沒有核電」已成為執政者以及多數國人的共識。

雖然經濟部7月30日公布歷時一年半的核四1號機安檢報告，六大安檢主軸從設計、施工到測試均通過查驗，經濟部長及安檢監督委員信誓旦旦表示，若核四啟封運轉，對核安相當有信心。不過，筆者認為，此次高雄氣暴事故將會更強化國人反核的意識，核四封存期絕非是經濟部目前所擬的三年，核四商轉將淪為反攻大陸的翻版。故請經濟部應體認事實，放棄核四復辟的白日夢，儘速規劃非核家園下的能源政策，畢竟能源是國家發展的動力，與國家安全及人民福祉息息相關，而其開發不是一蹴可成之事。

Safety of nuclear plant not guaranteed

                                          Sun, Aug 03, 2014

Safety of nuclear plant not guaranteed

By Lai Cheng-i 賴正義

The Ministry of economic Affairs announced on Wednesday that Reactor No. 1 of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant in New Taipei City’s Gongliao District (貢寮), also known as the Longmen (龍門) Nuclear Power Plant, had passed safety inspections and tests. Minister of Economic Affairs Chang Chia-juch (張家祝) and members of the ministry’s safety evaluation group said that they would feel quite confident about the plant should it go into operation.

However, assessments of a nuclear plant’s safety should take into account its entire life cycle.

A plant that is up to standard before it starts operating provides no guarantees to assuage people’s worries about the plant’s safety once in operation, not to mention the disposal of spent fuel from the plant when it is eventually decommissioned.

Is the Longmen plant really safe?

Apart from risks arising from deliberate or accidental human actions, any qualified civil engineer has full confidence in the safety of a nuclear power plant or waste disposal facility that they have designed based upon the conditions and safety factors on which the engineer relied during production. There is plenty of data to show that the natural and social conditions of today will change in time, and Taiwan is an especially changeable environment.

Natural threats like typhoons, earthquakes and landslides, as well as human factors such as overdevelopment, make Taiwan’s steep and mountainous terrain very unstable. Also, in recent years the greenhouse effect has had a noticeable impact in the form of climate change. Super-powerful typhoons and super-heavy rainstorms can cause sudden changes in the surface terrain, and they also bring about gradual changes in the subterranean geological and hydrological environment.

When the environment in which nuclear power stations or fuel disposal facilities are located changes to the extent that it no longer matches the conditions under which the structures were originally designed, they will no longer comply with safety factors, creating a high risk of nuclear disasters.

Experience teaches that nothing is absolutely safe and no environment will remain unchanged forever. No technology is completely fail-safe and everyone makes mistakes. If weather experts are still unable to precisely predict the track that a typhoon will follow, what guarantee can nuclear power experts give for safety in an industry that involves very long-term, complex and changeable factors?

All worldwide nuclear accidents have fallen outside experts’ predictions. Luckily for Taiwan, it has thus far not suffered a destructive or deadly nuclear accident, but government officials and nuclear experts cannot deny or overlook the possibility of such an accident occurring in the future.

Safety evaluation group members who took part in the recent inspection emphasize that nuclear safety is a very specialized, complex and rigorous field. What they should admit, however, is that an assessment of the safety of a nuclear power plant throughout its life cycle goes beyond expertise and complexity. It is difficult, indeed impossible, to account for every eventuality.

Thousands of Taiwanese school students are suffering the consequences of education reforms that were not planned with sufficient thought, but at least those mistakes can be rectified. However, when it comes to nuclear power, it can never be guaranteed to be 100 percent safe, and if anything goes wrong it could wreck the lives of millions of people for countless generations. How can we gamble away people’s lives and livelihoods just to save a few dollars on our monthly electricity bills?

 

Lai Cheng-i is a professor at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.

Translated by Julian Clegg

 

 

核安 政府安 民不安

〈自由廣場〉核安 政府安 民不安

2014-08-01 ◎ 賴正義


經濟部七月卅日公布核四一號機通過查驗，經濟部長及安檢監督委員表示，若將來核四啟封運轉，對核安相當有信心。不過，筆者認為，核電廠的安全評估應考量其整個生命週期，運轉前的安檢合格僅意味系統堪用而已，並不能保證國人所擔心運轉期間與除役後核廢料最終處置的安全無虞。


核電到底安不安全？除了人為的蓄意或疏失所造成的風險外，另就筆者的土木專業來看，合格的土建工程師當然對其設計的核電或廢料處置設施之安全有絕對的信心，但其前提為必須在其所依據的設計條件及安全係數下。諸多資料顯示，我們所處的自然及社會環境均會與時俱變，只是快慢有別而已。台灣原就處於多變的環境中，自然的颱風、地震、斷層以及人為的過度開發，常使多山且地勢陡峭的台灣地貌與地質不穩易變。尤其是，近年來溫室效應已明顯影響氣候變遷，超級颱風、超大豪雨除會快速破壞地表的地貌外，也會逐漸改變地表下的地質、水文環境。當核電或廢料處置設施所處的環境已不符合原設計條件且超過安全係數時，即存有高度的核災風險。


鑒往知來，天下沒有絕對安全的事務，也沒有永久不變的環境，天下沒有無懈可擊的科技，也沒有永不犯錯的凡人。如果氣象專家至今都還無法精準預測颱風的路徑，核電專家焉能保證事涉長期、複雜、多變因素的核電安全？事實顯示，全球歷次核災的發生都在專家預料之外。雖然我們可慶幸截至目前尚未發生毀滅性的核災，但執政者或核電專家絕對不可輕視其發生的可能性。參與此次安檢的監督委員強調，核安是相當專業、複雜而嚴謹的，筆者認為，核能電廠生命週期的安全評估是超越專業、複雜而難以面面俱到的。未經深思熟慮的教改雖會苦了千千萬萬的學子，但錯了還可重改；而未具百分百安全的核電卻會毀了世世代代的生機，為了節省每月數十元電費，何苦賭上一生的幸福。


（作者為台灣科技大學專案教授級專家）

核電到底安不安全

核能電廠的興建須評估其生命週期中對工程、能源、經濟、健康、安全、環境、社會等多元面向的衝擊，因此從不同的面向切入時，核電該不該發展自然是見仁見智的紛歧之爭。

不過，對於核電發展一事，隨著越來越多的公民投身於多元的運動後，「沒有核安，就沒有核電」已成為執政者以及多數國人的共識。

核電到底安不安全？除了人為的蓄意或疏失所造成的風險外，另就筆者的土木專業來看，合格的土建工程師對其設計的核電設施之安全當然有絕對的信心，但其前提為必須在其所依據的設計條件及安全係數下。種種數據顯示，我們所處的自然及社會環境均是與時俱變的，只是快慢有別而已。臺灣原就處於多變的環境中，自然的斷層、地震、颱風以及社會的過度開發常使多山且地勢陡峭的臺灣地質不穩易變。尤其是，近年來人為的溫室效應已明顯地影響氣候變遷，超級颱風、超大豪雨除會嚴重破壞地表的地貌外，也會改變地表下的地質、水文環境。在核電廠的使用壽命期間，遽變的氣候與地質若造成現狀不符合原工程設計條件且超過安全係數時，即存有萬劫不復的高度風險。

天下沒有絕對安全的事務，也沒有永久不變的環境，天下沒有無懈可擊的科技，也沒有永不犯錯的人類。如果人類至今都還無法百分之百預測颱風的路徑，誰能確保事涉長期、複雜、多變因素的核電安全。全球歷次核災的發生都是在專家預料之外，雖然我們可慶幸這些核災截至目前都未產生不可收拾的毀滅性後果，但執政者或專家敢保證未來確實不會發生嗎？